Subjects are offered in Portuguese or in English, according to the make-up of the teaching staff and linguistic ability. If the teacher and PhD students speak Portuguese, that will be the language used. If the teacher and/or some of the PhD students do not speak Portuguese, the seminars will be given entirely in English. Whatever the case, students are expected to master the English language. If the teacher is a Portuguese speaker, any written work undertaken as part of their subject, with the exception of oral presentations, can be presented in Portuguese, although the language used in the seminars is English.